Almost $1.5 trillion (1998 dollars) will be needed to fund the
industry through 2015. This includes operating costs
Almost $800 billion of the above number will be for Capital Expenditures
with over $650 billion in the E&P sector and over $120 billion
for T&D. This equates to a 35% increase in annual Capital
expenditures from $34 billion over the last decade [1990 to 1998]
to $46 billion over the next 15 years.
Many of these expenditures will involve higher risk and longer
lead time projects, such as large deepwater projects or pipelines
to new frontiers, any one of which could easily exceed a half
a billion dollars.